{"id":10785,"date":"2024-02-29T01:00:54","date_gmt":"2024-02-28T22:00:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/?p=10785"},"modified":"2024-03-01T15:07:42","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T12:07:42","slug":"pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/en\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz\/","title":{"rendered":"PGT. Bioinformatic analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>BAM file obtained using the Torrent Suite software is&nbsp;transferred to&nbsp;the Ion Reporter software. Aneuploidy detection is&nbsp;performed using an&nbsp;algorithm based on&nbsp;a&nbsp;Hidden Markov Model (HMM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hidden Markov Model allows for given model &lambda; = (A, B, &pi;) and sequence O = {o1,&nbsp;...oT} to&nbsp;calculate the probability P(O\/&lambda;) of&nbsp;generating a&nbsp;sequence of&nbsp;observations\nO = {o1,&nbsp;...oT} by&nbsp;model &lambda;&nbsp;and most probable sequence Q= {q1,&nbsp;...qT}. Let them be&nbsp;given sequence of&nbsp;observations O = {o1,&nbsp;...oT} and model &lambda; = (A,&nbsp;B,&nbsp;&pi;). The Viterbi algorithm is&nbsp;used to&nbsp;select a&nbsp;state sequence Q= {q1,&nbsp;...qT}, which most likely for a&nbsp;given model P(O\/&lambda;) generates the sequence of&nbsp;observations O = {o1,&nbsp;...oT}. In&nbsp;hidden Markov Model it&nbsp;is&nbsp;possible to&nbsp;monitor only the variables that are influenced by&nbsp;this state. Each state has probability distribution among all possible output values. Therefore, the sequence of&nbsp;symbols generated by&nbsp;HMM provides information about the state sequence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-1.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"157\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-1.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10787\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 1. General structure of HMM<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovals represent variables with random values. The random variable x(t) represents the value of&nbsp;the latent variable at&nbsp;time&nbsp;t. The random variable y(t) is&nbsp;the value of&nbsp;the observed variable at&nbsp;time&nbsp;t. Arrows symbolize conditional dependencies. The value of&nbsp;the hidden variable x(t) (at&nbsp;time&nbsp;t) depends only on&nbsp;the value of&nbsp;the hidden variable x(t-1) (at&nbsp;time t-1). It&nbsp;is&nbsp;known as&nbsp;the Markov Property. Although at&nbsp;the same time, the value of&nbsp;the observed variable y(t) depends only on&nbsp;the value of&nbsp;the hidden variable x(t) (both at&nbsp;time&nbsp;t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The algorithm uses a&nbsp;statistical model to&nbsp;analyze reads covering the whole genome to&nbsp;predict chromosome copy numbers. Before copy number determination, reads are corrected for&nbsp;GC site errors and compared to&nbsp;a&nbsp;pre-established baseline by&nbsp;analyzing 10&nbsp;normal male samples in&nbsp;the same manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using 10&nbsp;samples to&nbsp;calculate the baseline significantly reduces sample-to-sample coverage variability and results in&nbsp;fewer false positives. The use of&nbsp;a&nbsp;given line has been validated using samples in&nbsp;an&nbsp;interlaboratory comparison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of&nbsp;HMM allows one to&nbsp;statistically process all the&nbsp;necessary information about a&nbsp;sample to&nbsp;determine the&nbsp;probability of&nbsp;a&nbsp;specific genomic region deviating from a&nbsp;given ploidy value. Data analysis allows user to&nbsp;provide customized calculation coefficients. Algorithm parameters are configured to&nbsp;process low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data using technical (standard) samples analyzed in&nbsp;duplicate, as&nbsp;well as&nbsp;samples with known aneuploidies. Changing the&nbsp;software metrics allows user to&nbsp;select the sensitivity level (low, medium or&nbsp;high). A&nbsp;highly sensitive protocol allows the analysis of&nbsp;chromosomal segments, as&nbsp;well as&nbsp;the detection of&nbsp;aneuploidies in&nbsp;noisy regions, but at&nbsp;the same time increases the likelihood of&nbsp;a&nbsp;false positive result. Medium sensitivity is&nbsp;the default setting and recommended for use as&nbsp;primary. A&nbsp;low sensitivity protocol is&nbsp;the most &laquo;demanding&raquo; and detects only regions with extremely high confidence of&nbsp;aneuploidy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"981\" height=\"851\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2.jpg 981w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2-300x260.jpg 300w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2-768x666.jpg 768w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-2-14x12.jpg 14w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 981px) 100vw, 981px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 2. Ploidy plots when analyzing different samples<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-3-en.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"980\" height=\"699\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-3-en.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10792\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Figure 3. Bioinformatics analysis algorithm<\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BAM \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u041f\u041e&nbsp;\u00abTorrent Suite\u00bb, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432&nbsp;\u041f\u041e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00abIon Reporter\u00bb. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430&nbsp;\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 Hidden Markov Model (H\u041c\u041c). \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u03bb = (A, B, \u03c0). \u0438&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 O = {o1, \u2026oT} \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c P(O\/\u03bb) \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f O = {o1, \u2026oT} \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u03bb&nbsp;\u0438&nbsp;\u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u041f\u0413\u0422. \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 - First Genetics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/en\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041f\u0413\u0422. \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 - First Genetics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BAM \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u041f\u041e&nbsp;\u00abTorrent Suite\u00bb, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432&nbsp;\u041f\u041e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u00abIon Reporter\u00bb. \u0412\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441&nbsp;\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430&nbsp;\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 Hidden Markov Model (H\u041c\u041c). \u0421\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u03bb = (A, B, \u03c0). \u0438&nbsp;\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 O = {o1, \u2026oT} \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c P(O\/\u03bb) \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f O = {o1, \u2026oT} \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u03bb&nbsp;\u0438&nbsp;\u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/en\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"First Genetics\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-02-28T22:00:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-01T12:07:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz-1.svg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nelly\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nelly\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/pgt-bioinformaticheskij-analiz\/\",\"name\":\"\u041f\u0413\u0422. \u0411\u0438\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 - 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