{"id":7761,"date":"2023-06-25T21:34:17","date_gmt":"2023-06-25T18:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/?post_type=test&#038;p=7761"},"modified":"2025-06-02T13:04:58","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T10:04:58","slug":"nipt-2","status":"publish","type":"test","link":"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/en\/nipt-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Non\u2013invasive Prenatal Screening"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"test__row-calculator\">\n\t<div class=\"test__col\">\n\t\t<div class=\"nipt-calculator\">\n\t\t\t<h2>Calculator of&nbsp;the risk of&nbsp;chromosomal abnormalities depending on&nbsp;the age of&nbsp;the expectant mother<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<form class=\"nipt-calculator__form\"\n\t\t\t      data-calculator-results='{\"ru\":{\"19\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1667 (0.06%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 526 (0.19%)\"},\"20\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1667 (0.06%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 526 (0.19%)\"},\"21\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 526 (0.19%)\"},\"22\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 500 (0.2%)\"},\"23\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 500 (0.2%)\"},\"24\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1250 (0.08%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 476 (0.21%)\"},\"25\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1250 (0.08%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 476 (0.21%)\"},\"26\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1176 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 476 (0.21%)\"},\"27\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1111 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 455 (0.22%)\"},\"28\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1053 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 435 (0.23%)\"},\"29\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 1000 (0.1%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 417 (0.24%)\"},\"30\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 952 (0.11%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 384 (0.26%)\"},\"31\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 909 (0.11%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 384 (0.26%)\"},\"32\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 769 (0.13%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 323 (0.31%)\"},\"33\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 625 (0.16%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 286 (0.35%)\"},\"34\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 500 (0.2%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 238 (0.42%)\"},\"35\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 385 (0.26%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 192 (0.52%)\"},\"36\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 294 (0.34%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 156 (0.64%)\"},\"37\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 227 (0.44%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 127 (0.79%)\"},\"38\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 175 (0.57%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 102 (0.98%)\"},\"39\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 137 (0.73%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 83 (1.2%)\"},\"40\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 106 (0.94%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 66 (1.52%)\"},\"41\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 82 (1.22%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 53 (1.89%)\"},\"41\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 82 (1.22%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 53 (1.89%)\"},\"42\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 64 (1.56%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 42 (2.38%)\"},\"43\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 50 (2%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 33 (3.03%)\"},\"44\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 38 (2.63%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 26 (3.85%)\"},\"45\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 30 (3.33%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 21 (4.76%)\"},\"46\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 23 (4.35%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 16 (6.25%)\"},\"47\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 18 (5.56%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 13 (7.69%)\"},\"48\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 14 (7.14%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 10 (10%)\"},\"49\":{\"down\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 11 (9.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 \u0438\u0437 8 (12.5%)\"}},\"en\":{\"19\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1667 (0.06%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 526 (0.19%)\"},\"20\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1667 (0.06%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 526 (0.19%)\"},\"21\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 526 (0.19%)\"},\"22\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 500 (0.2%)\"},\"23\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1429 (0.07%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 500 (0.2%)\"},\"24\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1250 (0.08%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 476 (0.21%)\"},\"25\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1250 (0.08%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 476 (0.21%)\"},\"26\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1176 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 476 (0.21%)\"},\"27\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1111 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 455 (0.22%)\"},\"28\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1053 (0.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 435 (0.23%)\"},\"29\":{\"down\":\"1 in 1000 (0.1%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 417 (0.24%)\"},\"30\":{\"down\":\"1 in 952 (0.11%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 384 (0.26%)\"},\"31\":{\"down\":\"1 in 909 (0.11%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 384 (0.26%)\"},\"32\":{\"down\":\"1 in 769 (0.13%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 323 (0.31%)\"},\"33\":{\"down\":\"1 in 625 (0.16%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 286 (0.35%)\"},\"34\":{\"down\":\"1 in 500 (0.2%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 238 (0.42%)\"},\"35\":{\"down\":\"1 in 385 (0.26%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 192 (0.52%)\"},\"36\":{\"down\":\"1 in 294 (0.34%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 156 (0.64%)\"},\"37\":{\"down\":\"1 in 227 (0.44%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 127 (0.79%)\"},\"38\":{\"down\":\"1 in 175 (0.57%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 102 (0.98%)\"},\"39\":{\"down\":\"1 in 137 (0.73%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 83 (1.2%)\"},\"40\":{\"down\":\"1 in 106 (0.94%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 66 (1.52%)\"},\"41\":{\"down\":\"1 in 82 (1.22%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 53 (1.89%)\"},\"41\":{\"down\":\"1 in 82 (1.22%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 53 (1.89%)\"},\"42\":{\"down\":\"1 in 64 (1.56%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 42 (2.38%)\"},\"43\":{\"down\":\"1 in 50 (2%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 33 (3.03%)\"},\"44\":{\"down\":\"1 in 38 (2.63%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 26 (3.85%)\"},\"45\":{\"down\":\"1 in 30 (3.33%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 21 (4.76%)\"},\"46\":{\"down\":\"1 in 23 (4.35%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 16 (6.25%)\"},\"47\":{\"down\":\"1 in 18 (5.56%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 13 (7.69%)\"},\"48\":{\"down\":\"1 in 14 (7.14%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 10 (10%)\"},\"49\":{\"down\":\"1 in 11 (9.09%)\",\"any\":\"1 in 8 (12.5%)\"}}}'>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"d-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-label\">Your age<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input class=\"input-control\" required type=\"number\" name=\"age\" min=\"19\" max=\"49\" step=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-block\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn big green\">Check the risks<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"en\"\/><\/form>\n\t\t\t<script type=\"text\/template\" id=\"tmpl-genetics-calculator-result\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"nipt-calculator__result\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"d-flex\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"result-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\u0422\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f 21 (\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0414\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"persents\">{{data.down}}<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"result-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\u041b\u044e\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043c\u0438\u044f (21, 18, 13)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"persents\">{{data.any}}<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"nipt-calculator__info\" style=\"display:none\">Here is&nbsp;a&nbsp;statistical risk calculated solely by&nbsp;age. If&nbsp;there have been cases of&nbsp;chromosomal pathology, miscarriages in&nbsp;the anamnesis, if&nbsp;there are deviations according to&nbsp;ultrasound and biochemical parameters, your individual risk may differ greatly from the one shown in&nbsp;the table. In&nbsp;this case, the risk should be&nbsp;discussed with a&nbsp;geneticist during&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/en\/konsultaczii-s-vrachami\/\" title=\"Online consultation with a geneticist\">a consultation<\/a>.\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-row-with-tabs test__row\"><div class=\"test__col\"><section class=\"test__tabs\"><h2> Prenatal diagnosis of&nbsp;fetal chromosomal pathology <\/h2><div class=\"inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tabs c-tabs\"><div class=\"c-tabs__nav\"><div class=\"tabs-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><div data-tab=\"1\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide current\" tabindex=\"0\">Numerucal abnormalities<\/div><div data-tab=\"2\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Structural abnormalities<\/div><div data-tab=\"3\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Prevalence<\/div><div data-tab=\"4\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Literature<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-prev\">\u2190<\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-next\">\u2192<\/div><div class=\"c-tabs__contents\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-1 current\">\n<p>Chromosomal diseases are hereditary diseases caused by&nbsp;a&nbsp;change in&nbsp;the number or&nbsp;structure of&nbsp;chromosomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\"><strong>Numerical chromosomal abnormalities<\/strong> are represented by\u00a0aneuploidies (trisomies, monosomies, etc.) and polyploidies (triploidy and tetraploidy).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-6\">\n<p>Such anomalies occur, as&nbsp;a&nbsp;rule, due to&nbsp;errors in&nbsp;cell division, when there is&nbsp;an&nbsp;increase and&nbsp;\/ or&nbsp;decrease in&nbsp;the number of&nbsp;chromosomes in&nbsp;daughter cells or&nbsp;chromosome non-separation. Non-separation occurs as&nbsp;a&nbsp;result of&nbsp;errors during meiosis, fertilization or&nbsp;the first mitosis of&nbsp;the embryo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The cells resulting from this division are aneuploid, since their chromosome set does not correspond to&nbsp;a&nbsp;typical haploid set of&nbsp;23&nbsp;chromosomes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-4\">\n<p>As\u00a0a\u00a0woman\u2019s age increases, the risk of\u00a0giving birth to\u00a0a\u00a0child with numerical chromosome anomalies increases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-yellow\">The risk increases especially significantly after 35\u00a0years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-2\">\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\"><strong>Structural chromosomal abnormalities <\/strong>occur as\u00a0a\u00a0result of\u00a0changes in\u00a0the structure of\u00a0one or\u00a0more chromosomes and can be\u00a0divided into unbalanced and balanced abnormalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p><strong>Balanced chromosomal abnormalities<\/strong> are rearrangements due to\u00a0which a\u00a0karyotype with a\u00a0modified set of\u00a0gene locations within chromosomes or\u00a0between chromosomes is\u00a0detected, it\u00a0differs from the normal karyotype. In&nbsp;most cases, carriers of&nbsp;balanced chromosomal abnormalities are phenotypically normal, but there is&nbsp;a&nbsp;great risk for their offspring to&nbsp;have an&nbsp;unbalanced karyotype.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p><strong>Unbalanced structural chromosomal abnormalities<\/strong> are characterized by&nbsp;the absence of&nbsp;a&nbsp;chromosomal segment (partial monosomy) or&nbsp;an&nbsp;additional chromosomal segment (partial trisomy) and lead to&nbsp;genomic imbalance. Partial mono- or&nbsp;trisomies are known about almost all chromosomes, but only some of&nbsp;them form clearly diagnosed clinical syndromes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-3\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-6\">\n<p class=\"has-20-font-size\">Chromosomal diseases occupy one of&nbsp;the leading places in&nbsp;the structure of&nbsp;human hereditary pathology. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They are closely associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as\u00a0spontaneous abortions, stillbirths and are combined with other congenital malformations [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Approximately half of\u00a0fetuses with malformations and spontaneous abortions have chromosomal abnormalities [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-4\"><p><span class=\"factoid\"><span>About\u00a05% of\u00a0children<\/span>are born with serious birth defects of\u00a0genetic or\u00a0partially genetic origin<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-14-font-size\">Defects of\u00a0partially genetic origin are caused by\u00a0a\u00a0combination of\u00a0genes that puts the fetus at\u00a0risk in\u00a0the presence of\u00a0specific environmental factors [3].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\">Most chromosomal abnormalities in&nbsp;humans are incompatible with life and lead to&nbsp;termination of&nbsp;pregnancy. Relatively few variants of&nbsp;numerical chromosome abnormalities are compatible with postnatal development: gonosomal trisomies (XXX, XXY, XYY), monosomy&nbsp;X, some autosomal trisomies (21, 18, 13).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-spoiler\"><div class=\"spoiler-title\">Most common chromosomal abnormalities <\/div><div class=\"spoiler-content\">\n<p><strong>Down syndrome <\/strong><br>trisomy&nbsp;21, prevalence at&nbsp;birth 1&nbsp;in&nbsp;700 to&nbsp;1&nbsp;in&nbsp;800<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Klinefelter syndrome <\/strong><br>polysomy\u00a0X in\u00a0men, prevalence at\u00a0birth<meta charset=\"utf-8\">&nbsp;1 in 700<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Triplo-X syndrome <\/strong><br>trisomy&nbsp;X, prevalence at&nbsp;birth 1&nbsp;per 1&nbsp;000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Turner syndrome <\/strong><br>monosomy&nbsp;X, prevalence at&nbsp;birth 1&nbsp;in&nbsp;2&nbsp;000&nbsp;girls<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Edwards syndrome <\/strong><br>trisomy&nbsp;18, prevalence at&nbsp;birth 1&nbsp;in&nbsp;6&nbsp;500<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Patau syndrome <\/strong><br>trisomy&nbsp;13, prevalence at&nbsp;birth 1&nbsp;in&nbsp;10&nbsp;000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jacobs syndrome<\/strong><br>dysomy\u00a0Y, birth prevalence<meta charset=\"utf-8\">&nbsp;1\u00a0in\u00a0900 &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>XXYY syndrome<\/strong><br>polysomy\u00a0X and\u00a0Y in\u00a0males, prevalence at\u00a0birth<meta charset=\"utf-8\">&nbsp;1 in 18 000&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-4\">\n<p>[1] Huang L, Jiang T, Liu C. Fetal loss after amniocentesis: analysis of&nbsp;a&nbsp;single center\u2019s 7,957 cases in&nbsp;China. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol.&nbsp;2015;42:184\u20147.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] Zhu J, Liu H, Tang J, Riaz Khan M, Wang B, Bukhari I. Identification of minor chromosomal defects causing abnormal foetus and spontaneous abortions. Br J Biomed Sci. 2016;73:67\u201373.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] MARCH OF&nbsp;DIMES GLOBAL REPORT ON&nbsp;BIRTH DEFECTS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-row-with-tabs test__row\"><div class=\"test__col\"><section class=\"test__tabs\"><h2> Methods of&nbsp;prenatal screening and diagnosis <\/h2><div class=\"inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tabs c-tabs\"><div class=\"c-tabs__nav\"><div class=\"tabs-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><div data-tab=\"1\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide current\" tabindex=\"0\">Main methods<\/div><div data-tab=\"2\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Karyotyping<\/div><div data-tab=\"3\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">FISH method<\/div><div data-tab=\"4\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">CMA<\/div><div data-tab=\"5\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Limitations<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-prev\">\u2190<\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-next\">\u2192<\/div><div class=\"c-tabs__contents\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-1 current\">\n<p>It&nbsp;is&nbsp;possible to&nbsp;diagnose chromosomal abnormalities of&nbsp;the fetus at&nbsp;the stage of&nbsp;intrauterine development. Modern prenatal diagnosis of&nbsp;the fetus includes invasive and non-invasive techniques that can identify most of&nbsp;the congenital and hereditary pathologies of&nbsp;the fetus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The main method of&nbsp;prenatal screening<\/strong> is&nbsp;screening of&nbsp;the first trimester of&nbsp;pregnancy, that includes biochemical screening and ultrasound examination of&nbsp;the fetus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-spoiler\"><div class=\"spoiler-title\">How the method works<\/div><div class=\"spoiler-content\">\n<p>The risk of&nbsp;chromosomal pathology within the framework of&nbsp;this method is&nbsp;calculated based on&nbsp;the determination of&nbsp;serum levels of&nbsp;free &beta;-hCG unit, PAPP-A glycoprotein&nbsp;&mdash; pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, NT&nbsp;(nuchal translucency), detection of&nbsp;the nasal bone according to&nbsp;ultrasound diagnostics.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-spoiler\"><div class=\"spoiler-title\">The disadvantage of&nbsp;the method<\/div><div class=\"spoiler-content\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>Biochemical screening is&nbsp;carried out at&nbsp;the 10-13th week of&nbsp;pregnancy and is&nbsp;quite strictly limited in&nbsp;time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biochemical screening programs are not very accurate and there is&nbsp;a&nbsp;high percentage of&nbsp;both false positive and false negative results.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The screening result is&nbsp;not a&nbsp;diagnosis, but an&nbsp;indicator of&nbsp;the individual risk of&nbsp;certain pathologies in&nbsp;the fetus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>In\u00a0invasive prenatal diagnosis, the material for the analysis is\u00a0directly embryonic or\u00a0fetal cells, such as\u00a0chorionic villi, amniotic fluid or\u00a0umbilical cord blood. Depending on\u00a0the pregnancy duration, under the control of\u00a0ultrasound, the following procedures are carried out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>chorion biopsy<\/strong>&nbsp;\u00a0\u2014 obtaining cells forming the placenta (gestation period\u00a0\u2014 10-14\u00a0weeks);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>amniocentesis<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; puncture of&nbsp;the amniotic bladder with the sampling of&nbsp;a&nbsp;small amount of&nbsp;amniotic fluid (gestation period&nbsp;&mdash; 15-18&nbsp;weeks);<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>cordocentesis<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; blood sampling from the umbilical cord of&nbsp;the fetus (gestation period&nbsp;&mdash; from the 20th week).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p> Further, the obtained material is&nbsp;analyzed in&nbsp;various ways: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li><strong>Karyotyping<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>FISH method<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chromosomal microarray analysis<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\">The main share of&nbsp;invasive perinatal diagnostics in&nbsp;order to&nbsp;exclude chromosomal diseases is&nbsp;carried out in&nbsp;risk groups formed according to&nbsp;the results of&nbsp;ultrasound and biochemical screening. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-2\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-6\">\n<p><strong>Karyotyping&nbsp;<\/strong>is&nbsp;a&nbsp;cytogenetic testing, the analysis of&nbsp;the human chromosome set, that includes cultivation in&nbsp;order to&nbsp;obtain metaphase cells, followed by&nbsp;the use of&nbsp;differential staining of&nbsp;chromosomes along the length, allowing to&nbsp;detect deviations in&nbsp;the structure and number of&nbsp;chromosomes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Advantage<\/strong><br>The advantage of&nbsp;this method is&nbsp;the ability to&nbsp;determine balanced translocations, marker chromosomes, mosaicism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disadvantage<\/strong><br>The resolution of&nbsp;cytogenetic research is&nbsp;5-10 and more million&nbsp;bp, therefore, using this method it&nbsp;is&nbsp;impossible to&nbsp;detect micro-rearrangements within chromosomes, such as&nbsp;microdeletions, microduplications.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-4\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-2.jpg 700w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-2-300x260.jpg 300w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-2-14x12.jpg 14w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Karyotype. Balanced translocation between chromosomes 5&nbsp;and 13 46XY,t(5;13)(p12;q13). <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-3\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-6\">\n<p><strong>FISH method<\/strong> (fluorescence in&nbsp;situ hybridization) is&nbsp;a&nbsp;molecular cytogenetic method for analyzing genetic material in&nbsp;a&nbsp;cell. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The principle of\u00a0the FISH method is\u00a0hybridization\u00a0\u2014 binding of\u00a0the DNA probe to\u00a0the chromosomal DNA of\u00a0the patient\u2019s test sample. FISH technology allows to&nbsp;identify whole chromosomes, chromosome-specific regions or&nbsp;single-copy unique sequences, depending on&nbsp;the labeling techniques used. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Advantage<\/strong><br>The FISH method is&nbsp;a&nbsp;quick way to&nbsp;exclude the most common anomalies in&nbsp;the 13th, 18th, 21st pair and anomalies of&nbsp;the&nbsp;X and&nbsp;Y sex chromosomes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-4\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7807\" srcset=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-1.jpg 710w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-1-300x289.jpg 300w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-1-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">FISH method. Trisomy of&nbsp;chromosome 21&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;cultured amniotic fluid preparation.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-4\">\n<p><strong>Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA)<\/strong> is&nbsp;a&nbsp;diagnostic test that detects clinically significant large chromosomal abnormalities (aneuploidies) as&nbsp;well as&nbsp;submicroscopic copy number variations (microdeletions\/microduplications) throughout the genome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chromosomal microarray analysis is&nbsp;the gold standard for detecting deletions and duplications throughout the genome.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-main\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"685\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-3.jpg 685w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-3-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-img-3-18x10.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 685px) 100vw, 685px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><meta charset=\"utf-8\">CMA. Segmental deletion of&nbsp;chromosome&nbsp;2. arr2q24.1q24.3(156,917,793-167,791,866)x1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-aside\">\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advantages of&nbsp;the method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>high resolution (more than 1000 times compared to&nbsp;karyotyping);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>simultaneous examination of&nbsp;thousands of&nbsp;regions of&nbsp;all chromosomes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the possibility of\u00a0quantitative determination of\u00a0microscopic chromosomal abnormalities: aneuploidy (including mosaicism), unbalanced translocations, marker chromosomes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>submicroscopic abnormalities: microdeletion and microduplication syndromes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0430&nbsp;\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>the ability to&nbsp;detect uniparental disomies;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>research automation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>objectivity and high informativeness of\u00a0the results obtained.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-green has-14-font-size\">While performing CMA, the stage of&nbsp;cell cultivation is&nbsp;excluded, that is&nbsp;necessary for the cytogenetic analysis performance, it&nbsp;contributes to&nbsp;a&nbsp;faster result.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Disadvantage<\/strong> <br>This method does not exclude the presence of&nbsp;balanced chromosomal rearrangements (reciprocal translocations and insertions, inversions, Robertsonian translocations), a&nbsp;low level of&nbsp;mosaicism (less than&nbsp;20%), unbalanced rearrangements beyond the matrix resolution limit, point mutations, as&nbsp;well as&nbsp;certain polyploidies. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-5\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limitations of&nbsp;invasive methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>All of&nbsp;these testings are highly accurate methods, their accuracy is&nbsp;about 99%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>However, invasive diagnostics is&nbsp;associated with the risk of&nbsp;complications, such as<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-14-font-size is-style-arrows\">\n<li>spontaneous miscarriage,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>obstetric bleeding,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fetal damage,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>infection that may occur during the&nbsp;sampling of&nbsp;the&nbsp;material.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>Taking into account the professionalism of&nbsp;the doctor, the technical equipment of&nbsp;the clinic, the patient&rsquo;s health, compliance with all norms and rules, the risk of&nbsp;pregnancy loss is&nbsp;reduced to&nbsp;2%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And this indicator is\u00a0not higher than that of\u00a0other pregnant women. Meanwhile, the result obtained is\u00a0extremely important for the prognosis of\u00a0the health of\u00a0the unborn child.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\">Over the past decade, with the development of&nbsp;genetic technologies, new methods of&nbsp;prenatal diagnosis of&nbsp;chromosomal abnormalities have appeared.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-row-with-tabs test__row\"><div class=\"test__col\"><section class=\"test__tabs\"><h2>Non\u2013invasive Prenatal Screening (NIPT)<\/h2><div class=\"inner\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tabs c-tabs\"><div class=\"c-tabs__nav\"><div class=\"tabs-wrapper swiper-wrapper\"><div data-tab=\"1\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide current\" tabindex=\"0\">About testing<\/div><div data-tab=\"2\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Recommended for<\/div><div data-tab=\"3\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">How NIPT is&nbsp;conducted<\/div><div data-tab=\"4\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">NIPT detects<\/div><div data-tab=\"5\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Results<\/div><div data-tab=\"6\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Contraindications<\/div><div data-tab=\"7\" class=\"tab-link swiper-slide\" tabindex=\"0\">Advantages<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-prev\">\u2190<\/div><div class=\"tabs-arrow arrow-next\">\u2192<\/div><div class=\"c-tabs__contents\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-1 current\">\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\"><strong>Non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT)<\/strong>&nbsp;is&nbsp;a&nbsp;screening genetic method for detecting fetal chromosomal abnormalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>During pregnancy, cell free fetal DNA (cfDNA) is&nbsp;released from the placenta and circulates in&nbsp;the maternal bloodstream. As&nbsp;a&nbsp;result, maternal blood contains a&nbsp;mixture of&nbsp;circulating fetal and maternal DNA. NIPT directly measures the amount of&nbsp;this cfDNA and can detect the slightest deviations in&nbsp;the ratio of&nbsp;fetal chromosomes. After bioinformatic data analysis, the risk of&nbsp;aneuploidy for certain chromosomes is&nbsp;calculated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NIPT has become available as&nbsp;a&nbsp;much more accurate screening test for the most common chromosomal abnormalities, what significantly reduced the need for invasive tests.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>NIPT does not require intervention in&nbsp;the body what makes the non-invasive test a&nbsp;safe, very convenient and simple method. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another advantage of\u00a0the non-invasive test is\u00a0its high sensitivity: <\/p>\n\n\n<p><span class=\"factoid\"><span>about\u00a099%<\/span>sensitivity for the 21st, 13th, 18th pairs of&nbsp;chromosomes<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:4px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>NIPT is&nbsp;performed from the 10th week of&nbsp;pregnancy and does not require special preparation for the delivery of&nbsp;biomaterial.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-2\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>All pregnant women who want to&nbsp;get additional information about the health of&nbsp;the unborn baby<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant women over the age of&nbsp;35<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant women whose screening of&nbsp;the 1st or&nbsp;2nd trimester showed an&nbsp;increased risk of&nbsp;chromosomal pathology<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant women who have contraindications to&nbsp;invasive diagnostics (threat of&nbsp;pregnancy loss, fever, infections, tendency to&nbsp;bleeding)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant women, if&nbsp;during previous pregnancies the fetus was diagnosed with Down syndrome, Edwards, Patau or&nbsp;other chromosomal pathologies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pregnant women who have had cases of&nbsp;intrauterine fetal death, pregnancy loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-3\">\n<p><strong>How NIPT is&nbsp;conducted<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fetal DNA is&nbsp;extracted from the venous blood of&nbsp;the mother, which is&nbsp;found in&nbsp;the blood of&nbsp;a&nbsp;pregnant woman and can make up&nbsp;to&nbsp;10% of&nbsp;the total DNA volume. The resulting DNA is&nbsp;analyzed by&nbsp;next generation sequencing, the chromosomal ratio of&nbsp;cfDNA is&nbsp;calculated, and after processing with special algorithms, the most accurate result is&nbsp;generated regarding the presence of&nbsp;common genetic abnormalities in&nbsp;the fetus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-4\">\n<p><strong>What pathologies are determined by&nbsp;NIPT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The prenatal screening report contains a&nbsp;clear, easily interpreted result about the presence of&nbsp;a&nbsp;high or&nbsp;low risk of&nbsp;chromosomal pathology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p> These include:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>trisomy&nbsp;21 (Down syndrome), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trisomy&nbsp;18 (Edwards syndrome), <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>trisomy&nbsp;13 (Patau syndrome).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-blue\">The accuracy of&nbsp;NIPT is&nbsp;quite high, but differs in&nbsp;the analyzed chromosomes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-5\">\n<p>In&nbsp;addition to&nbsp;three autosomes, NIPT also determines the pathology of&nbsp;two sex chromosomes: X&nbsp;and&nbsp;Y, allowing to&nbsp;identify the following sex chromosome aneuploidies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>XO\u00a0\u2014 X\u00a0\u2014 Turner monosomy syndrome,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XXX&nbsp;&mdash; triple X&nbsp;syndrome,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XXY&nbsp;&mdash; Klinefelter syndrome,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XYY\u00a0\u2014 Jacobs syndrome,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>XXYY syndrome.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-main\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/nipt-img-4-eng.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"707\" height=\"184\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/nipt-img-4-eng.svg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7866\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-aside\">\n<p>A&nbsp;positive predictive value (PPV) is&nbsp;the proportion of&nbsp;truly positive test results.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-yellow\">The non&mdash;invasive prenatal screening makes it&nbsp;possible to&nbsp;calculate the risks for the most common chromosomal pathologies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-5\">\n<p><strong>Results of&nbsp;the non&mdash;invasive prenatal screening<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The prenatal screening report contains a&nbsp;clear, easily interpreted result about the presence of&nbsp;a&nbsp;high or&nbsp;low risk of&nbsp;chromosomal pathology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-4\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/nipt-result.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-724x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7886\" srcset=\"https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-212x300.jpg 212w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-768x1087.jpg 768w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-1085x1536.jpg 1085w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result-8x12.jpg 8w, https:\/\/f-genetics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/nipt-result.jpg 1190w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 724px) 100vw, 724px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The prenatal screening report example<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-6\">\n<p class=\"is-style-green\"><strong>Low risk<\/strong><br>Absence of\u00a0chromosomal pathology with an\u00a0accuracy of\u00a0more than 99%.&nbsp;  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-red\"><strong>High risk <\/strong><br>There is&nbsp;an&nbsp;increased risk of&nbsp;a&nbsp;chromosomal abnormality. All high&mdash;risk results should be&nbsp;further investigated by&nbsp;invasive methods (chorion biopsy, amniocentesis).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-gray\"><strong>No&nbsp;result <\/strong><br>If\u00a0the placental DNA level in\u00a0the sample is\u00a0below 3.5%, then a\u00a0second sampling may be\u00a0required, since a\u00a0low fraction of\u00a0fetal DNA is\u00a0potentially capable of\u00a0causing a\u00a0false negative result. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-6\">\n<p><strong>The testing is&nbsp;not carried out in&nbsp;the following cases:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-genetics-list genetics-list has-16-font-size\">\n<li>less than 10&nbsp;weeks gestation of&nbsp;pregnancy at&nbsp;the time of&nbsp;blood sampling for testing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>oncological diseases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>organ or&nbsp;bone marrow transplantation, stem cell therapy;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>allogeneic blood transfusion within the previous year;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>therapy with human serum albumin and\/or exogenous DNA cells within the last four weeks;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>heparin therapy within 24&nbsp;hours before sampling;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the death of&nbsp;one of&nbsp;the fetuses during multiple pregnancy (earlier than 8&nbsp;weeks after the discovery of&nbsp;a&nbsp;dead fetus);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pregnancy with more than two fetuses;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pregnancy with two fetuses using donor programs (donor eggs, surrogate motherhood).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-genetics-tab tab-content genetics-tab-7\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col col-3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Safe<\/strong> <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-14-font-size\">The non&mdash;invasive method of&nbsp;prenatal screening is&nbsp;safe for the mother and fetus, unlike invasive methods of&nbsp;prenatal diagnosis. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fast<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-14-font-size\">The prenatal screening is\u00a0one of\u00a0the fastest tests available, the results are provided in\u00a0just 8\u00a0working days from the moment the sample is\u00a0received.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"col col-3\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Accurate<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-14-font-size\">The prenatal screening has a&nbsp;high sensitivity (about&nbsp;99%) for the determination of&nbsp;trisomies 21,&nbsp;13,&nbsp;18. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"template":"templates\/test-for-specialists.php","class_list":["post-7761","test","type-test","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.8 - 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