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Exome sequencing
Free delivery across Russia
45 000 ₽
Available on credit
Available on credit
Exome sequencing
Whole Exome Sequencing (WES)
Free delivery
From anywhere in Russia
Up to 35 days
Timeframe
Raw data provided
Free of charge, in .fastq format
Once in a lifetime
The data can be analysed again after 1-2 years
What is exome sequencing?
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Genetic information is an instruction for each cell in our body, which contains the mechanism for development and functioning. This information is stored in the form of DNA molecules, which are made up of four chemical compounds (bases) designated by the letters A, T, C and G (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine).
Changes in this sequence can distort important information, disrupting habitual cellular mechanisms and causing disease
Consistently connected to one another, these bases serve as carriers of information that is received from parents and will be passed on to children, in a form that our cells can recognise.
The human body is made up of cells and cells contain DNA. Genes provide information for the synthesis of all proteins in the body
All of a person's genetic information is their genome, and its complete record in the form of a DNA molecule is represented by a sequence of over 3.2 billion bases. But only 1% (30 million nucleotide pairs) of this sequence is in the exome.
Exome is the part of the genome responsible for protein synthesis in the body.
For clinical purposes, data from exome reading is sufficient in most cases.
85%of all disease-related mutations are mutations in the exome
Indications for the test
- As a first-line test for the diagnosis of genetically heterogeneous diseases (when several genes are thought to be involved in a particular disease) and for refining the prognosis of the course of the disease, for example:
- epilepsy
- autism spectrum disorders,
- neuropsychiatric disorders,
- connective tissue disorders,
- metabolic disorders,
- cardiomyopathy
- complex dysmorphism,
- immunological disorders,
- blindness
- In cases of developmental delay of undifferentiated genesis.
- For children with multiple congenital anomalies, neuropsychiatric disorders and seizures.
- For a fetus with abnormalities detected by ultrasound when molecular analysis (CMA) and cytogenetic test have not given a definitive diagnosis.
- When performing a comprehensive diagnosis in the postnatal period.
The interpretation of exome sequencing results requires consultation with a geneticist regardless of the test result.
Features of the test
A combination of symptoms in some patients prevents the clinician from making an accurate diagnosis
In such cases, a stepwise diagnostic strategy is often chosen, making testing difficult, time-consuming and expensive. In addition, delayed diagnosis can have a significant impact on the patient's condition and quality of life.
Read more about routine molecular testing of patients
Routine molecular testing of patients with genetic disorders often relies on the examination of a single gene or a panel (set) of genes.However, it is estimated that up to 50% of patients do not receive a diagnosis, and after such testing it can take several years to diagnose the disease and never lead to a positive result. 1 .
Whole Exome sequencing most often finds several variants that are rarely (or even never) seen in other patients. These variants are variants of unspecified clinical significance (VUS or VOUS). For these, we can only speculate about how 'harmful' they might be and treat them with particular caution. Most of these rare variants do not lead to the development of any disease.
Specific and detailed clinical information from the proband and relatives when performing exome sequencing is crucial in order to understand whether this variation could have caused the disease.
How exactly does exome sequencing work?
Exome sequencing is a widely used next-generation sequencing (NGS) method in which certain parts of each gene are read which are considered most important for pathology recognition. These parts are called exons.
These «reads» contain large amounts of genetic sequence information, which would take hundreds of hours to analyse manually.
Therefore, computer programmes are used to quickly identify changes in the DNA sequence.
The huge list of variants detected is then 'interpreted' by comparing the results with databases that list variants known or suspected to be associated with genetic diseases. Interpretation, as well as sequencing, is a complex and time-consuming step in exome sequencing, as it involves the work of many specialists to determine the significance of each detected variant.
Exome sequencing process
Exome sequencing advantages
Compared with panel targeted sequencing, initially a more focused genetic test based on a limited set of predefined genes, exome sequencing reads all the regions in the genome coding for a protein simultaneously.
Read more about panel sequencing
Panel sequencing is based on the analysis of a group of genes combined into multigene panels. This type of diagnosis focuses on a specific syndromic indication; random results are unlikely with this approach. Panels go out of use as new genes associated with the disease are discovered or atypical symptoms that overlap with the indication for a particular panel are identified.
There is also an abbreviated exome analysis, ’clinical exome’, where only a portion of the coding sequences that are well studied for monogenic diseases is examined. Although this type of analysis is cheaper, the list of genes associated with the development of disease is constantly expanding, hence ’clinical exome’ is less informative.
Exome sequencing is a once in a lifetime examination
No re-examination is necessary because the data can be re-analysed by bioinformatic methods even years later in order to find new information on the cause of the disease. This is because publications on the identification of new disease-associated genes are growing exponentially.
It is important to note that it is not always possible to find the 'genetic cause' by whole exome sequencing. Therefore, genome sequencing may be indicated for a patient if no result is obtained.
- NGS, or next generation sequencing
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Next generation sequencing. The term means determining the nucleotide sequence (examining the primary structure) of DNA or RNA. The technology allows several sections of the genome to be 'read' at once. The size of a single fragment read varies from 25 to 500 base pairs.
- Genome
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The totality of all the hereditary material contained within a cell of an organism.
- Clinical exome
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The totality of all exome genes whose clinical association with disease is scientifically proven. It accounts for about a quarter of the total exome genes.
- CMA molecular analysis
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Molecular chromosome testing using a genetic microarray (CMA - CHROMOSOMAL MICROARRAY ANALYSIS), in which DNA is tested.
- Monogenic diseases
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Diseases with a single gene mutation at the root of their etiology.
- Panel sequencing
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Examination of the coding regions of genes whose mutations lead to specific groups of diseases (neurodegenerative diseases, connective tissue diseases, hereditary diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, eyes, kidneys, heart, etc.).
- Proband
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The patient who is subjected to exome sequencing and whose pedigree is drawn up.
- Genome sequencing
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Identification of the entire DNA sequence, including non-coding areas. Different from exome sequencing in this respect.
- Cytogenetic test
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Karyotype analysis to determine chromosomal changes in cells. First of all, the number and structure of the chromosomes are assessed.
- Exome
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The part of the genome responsible for protein synthesis in the body. The human exome corresponds to about 1% of the total genome, or 30 million base pairs. An exome is the sum total of all exons.
- Exon
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The part of a gene (DNA) that carries the genetic information that codes the synthesis of a gene product (protein).
Literature cited
1Shashi V, McConkie-Rosell A, Rosell B et al. The utility of the traditional medical genetics diagnostic evaluation in the context of next-generation sequencing for undiagnosed genetic disorders. Genet Med. 2014;16:176–182
How do I take an Exome DNA test?
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Оплатите исследование на сайте
Price 45 000 ₽
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Сдайте венозную кровь
You must give your venous blood sample (4 ml) in vials with EDTA (purple cap vial) in any laboratory in your city. Be sure to sign the vials!
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Позвоните курьеру 8 (800) 201-74-63
The courier will pick up the kit with your blood and take it to the lab free of charge.
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Receive the results by email
Raw data provided free of charge, upon request.
Exome sequencing at First Genetics
Specialists
Years of experience in genetics, laboratory diagnostics and bioinformatics
Confidentiality
All data is strictly confidential and cannot be passed on to third parties
Consulting
You can get an online consultation regarding the results of test
Security
Extensive control at each stage of testing
Free delivery
Free delivery of biomaterial across Russia
Charities
Email info@f-genetics.com for information
Exome
Exome sequencing is an effective diagnostic tool for many patients with a suspected hereditary pathology.
Call us if you have any questions:
8 (800) 201 83 46
8 (800) 201 83 46
